Patients with cancer often experience a wide range of psychological symptoms. Common issues include anxiety, depression, mood swings, and feelings of hopelessness or fear. Sleep disturbances, loss of appetite, fatigue, and difficulty concentrating are also frequently reported. Some patients may experience heightened stress due to uncertainty about their prognosis, side effects of treatment, or changes in body image. Caregivers and family members may similarly experience stress, burnout, or emotional exhaustion as they navigate the demands of supporting their loved ones.

The causes of psychological distress in cancer patients are multifactorial. The diagnosis of a life-threatening illness itself can be traumatic and provoke intense fear or anxiety. Treatments such as chemotherapy, radiation, or surgery may have side effects that worsen emotional well-being, including physical discomfort, hormonal changes, or fatigue. Social factors, such as isolation, financial strain, or lack of support, can further exacerbate psychological symptoms. Additionally, patients with a prior history of mental health disorders may be more vulnerable to emotional difficulties during their cancer journey.

Psycho-oncology integrates psychological interventions with medical treatment to improve the mental and emotional health of patients. Common approaches include counseling or psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), stress management techniques, mindfulness, and relaxation exercises. Support groups and peer counseling provide a sense of community and shared understanding. In certain cases, psychiatric medications such as antidepressants or anti-anxiety drugs may be prescribed to manage more severe symptoms. Family counseling is also a crucial component, helping caregivers develop coping strategies and maintain emotional resilience. Collaborative care between oncologists, psychiatrists, psychologists, and social workers ensures that the patient receives comprehensive treatment addressing both physical and psychological needs.